Join our Folding@Home team:
Main F@H site
Our team page
Support us: Subscribe Here
and buy SoylentNews Swag
We always have a place for talented people, visit the Get Involved section on the wiki to see how you can make SoylentNews better.
Talk about digital sovereignty! Europe's most powerful supercomputer, Jupiter, is finally getting the domestic silicon infusion it's been waiting for.
On Tuesday, French chip designer SiPearl began delivery of its long-anticipated Rhea1 CPUs to Bull for integration into the system.
Jupiter, which came online last year, became the European Union's first exascale supercomputer. It currently holds the designation of being the fifth most powerful system on the Top500 ranking of publicly known supercomputers.
But that feat wasn't achieved using European silicon. The Jupiter Booster, which set the EU record, was powered by 24,000 American-made GH200 superchips from GPU giant Nvidia. These high-end accelerators were the precursor to the Grace Blackwell superchips used in its AI rack systems and featured a single Grace CPU and H200 GPU.
However, the Booster section is only part of the larger Jupiter system. SiPearl's chips will power a second CPU-only partition.
Rhea1 has been under development for several years and marks a turning point for sovereign supercomputing.
Based on Arm's Neoverse V1 core designs, the chip is already showing its age. Even the Grace CPUs powering the booster section use Arm's newer V2 cores. Yet, the Rhea1 is still notable.
With 61 billion transistors, the 80-core chip was designed specifically for running HPC and scientific workloads not well suited to GPUs.
In many respects, the chip is reminiscent of the Fujitsu A64FX CPUs that propelled Japan's Fugaku supercomputer to the number one spot on the Top500 back in early 2020.
Each Rhea1 processor is equipped with four stacks of HBM2e totaling 64 GB and achieving 1.8 TB/s of bandwidth. Along with the HBM, each Rhea1 CPU has four DDR5 memory channels.
Many HPC workloads benefit from a higher ratio of memory bandwidth to FLOPS. This is why systems like Fugaku have historically done so well on the Top500's HPCG benchmark relative to their positioning on the more commonly cited HPL bench.
"Its high memory bandwidth is particularly well suited to applications that benefit from efficient access to large amounts of data. Bringing this European processor technology into JUPITER is an important step in making these capabilities available to the scientific community," Thomas Lippert, director of the Jülich Supercomputing Centre, said in a statement.
For Anders Dam Jensen, executive director of EuroHPC JU, the delivery represents a major turning point for the EU.
"This achievement demonstrates what Europe can accomplish by bringing together research, industry and world-class infrastructure to build a stronger European HPC ecosystem," he said.
When complete, Jupiter's CPU partition will fill 1,300 nodes totaling 2,600 processors with estimates putting its total output at 5 petaFLOPS. While tiny compared to the booster, it remains relevant as not all workloads can take advantage of GPU-based compute.
Jupiter isn't SiPearl's only win. The Alice Recoque supercomputer is slated to use the chip dev's Rhea2 chips in its CPU partition and AMD's MI430X accelerators in its GPU partition.
For years, there have been shortages of air traffic control personnel, leading to delays and congestion. To remedy these troubles, the Federal Aviation Administration and the US Department of Transportation are turning to a new tool: AI.
On Monday, these agencies announced that they’re beginning a trial of the new system, called Strategic Management of Airspace Routes and Trajectories, at three airports around the nation's capital – Reagan National Airport, Dulles International Airport and BWI Thurgood Marshall Airport.
This $875 million software overhaul is not a replacement for human air traffic control operators, the DOT said, but is intended to reduce pressure on personnel by predicting delays and cancellations, and providing recommendations to the humans who retain control over flight operations.
Margaret Wallace, an assistant professor of aviation management at the Florida Institute of Technology, said meaningful action is necessary to address the aging air traffic control infrastructure, and calls to modernize the system have been ongoing – yet unanswered – for years.
While SMART is an important first step, she says, it "does not eliminate the human element," and controllers need to remain at the forefront of every stage of implementation.
"If implemented carefully, however, the technology behind this initiative has the potential to begin a significant transformation in the efficiency and modernization of the US air traffic system," Wallace said in an email.
It may be alarming to read "artificial intelligence" and "air traffic management" in the same sentence. So let's unpack what this system actually is before deciding to never get on another flight again.
Each day, the FAA manages close to 45,000 flights in the US. Even slight delays, changes in weather conditions, and reroutes can lead to airspace congestion and overcapacity. SMART was designed to centralize 200 data streams of flight paths, wind, weather, staffing metrics and more into one platform for a comprehensive overview of what's happening in the sky and on the ground at airports for better management of these flights.
From this consolidated data, human controllers can "anticipate demand, weather and airspace constraints and plan hours, days and even weeks ahead," according to the press release.
The US DOT says these measures are to upgrade "the FAA from a reactive approach to a predictive one."
“By fundamentally reshaping how we manage our airspace and preventing problems before they happen, SMART will slash those frustrating delays, reduce stress on air traffic controllers and lower travel prices,” Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy said in a statement.
Will it actually help? It's too early to tell, and the union representing air traffic controllers said it was not involved in the program's development.
The National Air Traffic Controllers Association said in a statement it "believes any new technology should complement and not replace the experience, training and professional judgment of air traffic controllers who are responsible for the safety of the National Airspace System."
The system was built by a company called Air Space Intelligence, an aerospace and defense AI company based in the US that has already partnered with the US Air Force, major US airlines (Alaska Airlines, Delta Air Lines and United Airlines) and the Department of Defense.
In the press release announcing the rollout of the air traffic management system, CEOs from top airlines, including United, Delta, American and Southwest, expressed encouragement over the initiative.
Still, air traffic experts emphasize the importance of remaining cautious as this new system rolls out.
"My biggest initial concern is controller training and human-factors integration," Wallace said. "That is not necessarily a criticism of this particular system; it is a challenge that comes with introducing any significant new technology into a complex, safety-critical environment.
"FAA leadership will need to ensure that implementation and testing are deliberate, that controllers receive adequate training and that appropriate safeguards remain in place throughout the transition," she said.
The FAA plans to gradually expand SMART to other airports across the country.
Source: BBC Television.
The UK Police have announced that all 5 men arrested in connection with the suspected terrorist attack attempt at RAF Fairford are UK nationals in their 20s from the London area.
For previous reporting see: https://soylentnews.org/breakingnews/article.pl?sid=26/09/27/115249
The Head of Counter Terrorism Police (CTP) has given an public announcement at 15:45 BST:
The 5 individuals who have been arrested are being released on police bail with significant restrictions on who they may contact, on reporting regularly and movement. They remain under investigation.
They are currently being released while remaining under charges relating to the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE). No mention was made relating to earlier charges.
The CTP have numerous new leads that they are following. They are keeping an open mind about who might ultimately be behind the attempt. They stress that it must be remembered that individuals may be used as proxies without necessarily knowing who is directing the attempt, or even knowing that they were being manipulated.
The alert states at both Fairford and Lakenheath remain as previously announced.
The Head of CTP stated that the alert was raised by 2 phone calls made by civilians. Nothing was said about any prior intelligence.
Moon's water reserves insufficient to sustain a lunar city, astronomers find:
Some countries and even wealthy individuals are setting their sights on the Moon, with ambitious plans to create a lunar colony.
That would require a lot of resources launched from Earth, but how much water and power would be required to keep a lunar city going?
Astronomers Martin Elvis and Jonathan McDowell from the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory have now taken a look at the resources required for several population sizes.
When it comes to power, the pair think it should be possible to generate sufficient energy even for a large city and without the need for nuclear power.
They estimate it would be possible to generate 3 GW of electricity using kilometre-tall towers covered with photovoltaic arrays. Not only that but it would be possible to manufacture solar panels on the Moon given the amount of silicon on the surface.
Yet it is not good news when it comes to water consumption. We have known for well over a decade that the Moon's poles contain water ice, possibly as much as a billion tonnes, with Moon-orbiting craft mapping out likely locations in great detail.
Even assuming one billion tonnes of water on the Moon, if nothing was recycled then a city of a million would last only a few years, while a population of 100,000 would run for 20 years before running dry.
Even when recycling the water with an efficiency of 98% – as performed on the International Space Station – a city of a million would only have enough water for around a century.
The authors say that to sustain a lunar city of that size would require improving water-recycling efficiencies beyond 99.5%, reducing water usage through vertical farming or simply finding more water on the Moon.
So for now it sounds like a Moon village may be the only possibility. The authors state that a town of around 10,000 people, for example, may be sustainable for several centuries.
Journal Reference: https://doi.org/10.3389/frspt.2026.1894104
https://www.righto.com/2026/09/8087-tangent-cordic.html
I hope you're not tired of the 8087, because I have another article about Intel's floating-point chip.1 In 1980, Intel introduced the 8087, making floating-point operations much faster in the IBM PC and other systems. In this article, I look at the algorithm behind the chip's tangent instruction. One popular approach for trigonometric functions is an algorithm called CORDIC. Another approach is a polynomial approximation. The 8087 combined the two to obtain both high accuracy and high performance. The 8087 provided an enormous speedup over the 8086 microprocessor, computing a tangent in 90 microseconds rather than 13,000 microseconds.2
By examining the circuitry and microcode of the 8087, I can explain the algorithm behind the tangent instruction, called FPTAN. To explore the 8087's circuitry, I popped the lid off a chip with a chisel and created a high-resolution image with a microscope.
A new study, led by University of Staffordshire, has found evidence of potentially hazardous microbial growth on mummified human and animal remains advertised for sale online – posing risks to both sellers and buyers.
The analysis of 128 online posts and auction listings also highlighted non-compliance with postal regulations, potentially putting delivery workers, customs officials and other members of the public at risk.
Isolated human body parts, including hands and feet, were the most frequently listed items, while more than half of the sample involved heads in varying states of completeness and preservation.
Sellers were found to provide little information about the safe handling of remains, while some posts showed people handling mummified human remains without gloves.
Although not all items in the study had visible signs of possible fungal growth or extensive deterioration, the researchers warn that microbial colonisation may not always be visible, meaning apparently well-preserved remains can still present potential risks.
Lead author Dr Kirsty Squires, Professor of Human Bioarchaeology at University of Staffordshire, conducted the research with international colleagues from Vilnius University, the University of Salento, the University of Messina, and Adelaide University.
"The rise of the internet, especially social media, has amplified international trafficking and driven demand for unique cultural heritage, including mummified humans and animals," she explained.
"However, these preserved remains pose health and biosecurity risks, due to the toxicity of embalming methods and/or suboptimal storage that can promote microbial growth.
Our research revealed that mummified remains sold online exhibit signs of biodeterioration, yet sellers provide no safety guidance, suggesting limited awareness or deliberate disregard of hazards.
"There is also evidence to show that mummified remains are being mailed to buyers, both nationally and internationally, with little (if any) consideration of the health and safety implications of these actions. Clearer, more prominent guidelines are needed to ensure buyers and sellers are unable to misinterpret or find loopholes in shipping policies."
The potential dangers of mummified remains are not unknown. Exposure and inhalation of Aspergillus spores have been attributed to the deaths of 10 out of 12 conservation scientists who opened the tomb of King Casimir IV Jagiellon in Kraków in the 1970s.
It is also believed that a severe form of Aspergillosis may have contributed to Lord Carnarvon's death, possibly resulting from inhaling Aspergillus spores in Tutankhamun's tomb. In these cases, fungal spores lay dormant for hundreds of years, and once disturbed they became airborne and dangerous to human health.
Inadequate packaging and storage conditions of mummified remains can accelerate their biodeterioration and fungal growth, while disturbing remains can potentially release fungal spores into the air.
Mummified remains can also contain substances historically used in preservation and embalming, including arsenic, mercury, and lead.
The researchers argue that stronger oversight and clearer guidance is needed across online marketplaces, postal and courier industries, customs services, and relevant authorities.
Professor Squires added: "Despite the notable health and safety risks associated with handling mummified remains, they are typically overlooked by sellers in this unregulated market. This may stem from limited awareness of biohazards posed by preserved soft tissues and/or from profit-driven motives that disregard human health and safety.
"Until more effective measures are implemented, the public should remain vigilant and report sales of mummified remains to relevant authorities and professional bodies. Improved oversight and education are therefore essential to safeguard public health and preserve archaeological remains."
Journal Reference: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0940739126100393
Americans are growing more and more wary of datacenters, with a Pew Research Center survey finding sharp rises since January in those who view the effect on the environment, energy bills, and nearby communities negatively.
Pew surveyed 10,548 US adults between July 20 and August 9. Fifty-four percent said datacenters were mostly bad for the environment, up from 39 percent in January. Half said they were mostly bad for household energy costs, up from 38 percent, while 49 percent viewed them negatively for the quality of life of nearby residents, up from 30 percent.
In each category, only 4 percent described their impact as mostly good. Views were more evenly divided on local employment and tax revenue, while 12 percent of respondents said they had not heard of datacenters.
The shift spans demographic groups: men and women, adults of every age and education level, and urban, suburban, and rural residents have all grown more negative since the start of the year.
The movement also crosses party lines. Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents remain more negative than Republicans and Republican leaners, but among the latter group, 42 percent now say datacenters are mostly bad for nearby residents' quality of life, up from 24 percent in January.
The research comes amid growing scrutiny of datacenters' electricity and water consumption and their effects on household utility bills.
The Register has reported on US senators investigating rising energy bills, gaps in operators' disclosure of emissions, and allegations that compute sheds consume more water than their owners acknowledge.
Amazon's chief sustainability officer this week said communities should hold the company accountable over datacenters and called for greater transparency about their effects.
The industry has long recognized its image problem. At last year's Datacloud Global Congress, executives discussed ways to win over communities increasingly wary of new facilities.
Republican officials have taken differing positions. Trump has consistently supported datacenter construction, arguing that it is needed to help the US compete with China, while Texas Governor Greg Abbott imposed a statewide moratorium in August after previously backing expansion. Trump has also blamed opposition to datacenters on Chinese propaganda.
Whatever the cause, 60 percent of respondents said they would be not too or not at all comfortable with a new datacenter operating nearby. Majorities of urban, suburban, and rural Americans agreed.
Discord will try to automatically estimate ages, require verification when it can't:
Discord today [Sept. 23] is rolling out an age-verification system that estimates each user's age and requires some users to prove they are old enough to access age-restricted content. Discord said it will take a few days for the global system to reach all user accounts.
Discord had announced a somewhat different plan for age checks in February, but scrapped it amid backlash from users concerned about privacy. The privacy concerns were heightened by a 2025 incident in which hackers stole government IDs of 70,000 Discord users from a third-party service that Discord used to verify ages in the UK and Australia.
The original plan was to require ID uploads or face scans from users seeking to access age-restricted servers and channels. The revised system, detailed yesterday by Discord CTO and co-founder Stanislav Vishnevskiy, will provide several additional options.
"In February, the only methods we'd planned for to confirm your age were facial age estimation or an ID scan. Based on your feedback, we committed to giving you more options that meet our high privacy standards," Vishnevskiy wrote.
A Discord system will automatically estimate user ages and place each user into an adult age group (18+), a teen group (13-17), or an "unconfirmed" group for which there isn't enough data to determine whether a person is an adult or teen.
[...] Discord estimates that more than 90 percent of users will not be asked to confirm their age. Adults who want to access age-restricted content, but are incorrectly placed in the 13-17 age group or put into "unconfirmed," will have several options to prove they are old enough.
One option is to enter credit card information. The age-verification vendor k-ID "routes the details to Stripe to confirm the card is owned and authorized by an adult. Neither k-ID nor Discord ever sees the card details," Vishnevskiy wrote.
Users may choose to share their age range through the Apple App Store or Google Play Store. With this method, "Your exact birthdate won't be shared, only your age group," Vishnevskiy wrote.
Another option that relies on a Google Wallet feature, available only in the US and a few other countries, is to "confirm your age using the ID pass already set up in Google Wallet, based on your passport. Your ID details stay with Google," Vishnevskiy wrote. One more option uses k-ID's AgeKey service, which is described as "a secure age proof saved as a passkey stored on your device or password manager." Discord provided more details on its vendors here.
"No matter which vendor you use to confirm your age, we won't receive your name, your credit card, your ID, or a scan of your face. Instead, the information is processed by vendors like k-ID, who then pass us a signal containing your age group. The vendors are then required to delete your uploaded data immediately after confirming your age group," Vishnevskiy wrote. The previous process with a different vendor that led to the September 2025 data breach has been "fully retired," he wrote.
Users can check which age group they've been placed in by navigating to User Settings > Account Status. The information should show up by the end of the week unless Discord doesn't have enough information to estimate your age.
Discord said in February that it would implement an "age inference model" that would operate "in the background to help determine whether an account belongs to an adult, without always requiring users to verify their age." The model apparently wasn't ready in February, but is being rolled out now.
Vishnevskiy said the age-group estimation model examines "the communities, servers, and games you're connected to; general activity levels, such as how many channels or servers you're active in; [and] account history, such as how old your account is." Discord provided a further explanation of how it estimates ages without collecting user identities here.
"Our age group estimation model looks at patterns of account behavior on Discord," Vishnevskiy wrote. "It does not look at your messages, calls, or other content.... the way a typical teen uses Discord will look different in aggregate from how a typical 30-year-old uses Discord. Our model has learned these patterns and uses them to estimate whether a given account most likely belongs to an adult (18+) or a teen (13-17)."
[...] Many privacy advocates criticize age verification requirements. "Governments in the US and around the world are increasingly adopting these restrictive measures in the name of protecting children online," the Electronic Frontier Foundation says. "But in practice, these systems create dangerous new forms of surveillance, censorship, and exclusion."
Age-verification technology is often inaccurate and invasive of privacy and is used for censorship "to block people from viewing or sharing information that the government deems 'harmful' or 'offensive,'" the EFF says.
Someday, AI agents will buy you anything you want — or what they think you want:
The keynote kicking off Snapdragon Summit 2026 in Maui had the latest forecast for how AI agents will organize our lives through the phones in our pockets. Qualcomm CEO Cristiano Amon spent some time walking viewers through how the agents will buy things for them, preparing for the day when AI will have access to our bank accounts or credit cards — and why that’s a good idea.
For years, Qualcomm has pitched a future where AI agents on your devices know your habits and preferences well enough to make informed decisions on your behalf. Eventually, this will include the capability to spend your money on things such as necessities, gifts and travel. The question is how agents will decide whether or not to pull the trigger on a purchase — and how much input you’ll have on what decisions they make.
Nobody’s figured this out yet, and might not for some time. The fear is that an AI agent would run off with your bank account numbers, clear out your savings and run up your credit card. But at this year’s summit, Qualcomm suggested how this might actually work, wherein agents would repeatedly check in before they spend your money.
“When an agent is acting as a proxy of you, you need to trust the agent, and you need to trust the device, especially for something like shopping,” Amon said on the keynote stage.
Naturally, the CEO was pitching a method with his company’s technology at the center, but it was at least sensitive to the uncertainties people likely have about an AI buying things for them. He said that the company is developing technologies to protect personal information and provide a secure device environment.
[...] Qualcomm is treading carefully here, and shrewdly brought in execs from a trusted purchasing platform to reassure viewers that the financial institutions they already trust will be part of the process. MasterCard CEO Michael Miebach, speaking in a prerecorded video, reaffirmed that people will only use processes they trust to keep their payments and data secure; on stage, Amon was joined by MasterCard senior fellow Raja Rajamannar, who spoke plainly about the implicit trust that an AI agent would work on their behalf — which will come from a brand they already trust, such as Mastercard.
This is all self-promotional, but they’re speaking to relatable uncertainty. Over the past decades, people have become a lot more comfortable with online shopping, with the initial skepticism thawing as the process became trustworthy. AI agents further separate people from the act of handing over their hard-earned cash, so another bridge of trust must be built. Envisioning the next process with clear moments when an AI agent will stop to ask people before making purchases on their behalf is reassuring amid uncertainty about a new way to spend money.
The technology at the center of the process is the AI agent itself, which runs on your smartphone. In a media roundtable discussion after the keynote, Chris Patrick, Qualcomm SVP and general manager of handsets, emphasized that building consumer trust in the process would take time.
[...] People will still surely be gunshy about the whole process, Cheng admitted, but at least there are trusted brands handling every step of the process. And that’s exactly how it went with online shopping.
“I’m old enough to remember when I was skeptical about making online payments, about doing banking transactions online. I was comfortable writing a check to somebody,” Cheng said. “But today, I wouldn’t even think twice about paying bills online. It’s a learning process.”
https://edition.cnn.com/2026/09/27/uk/fairford-arrests-uk-raf-us-intl
UK counter-terrorism police are leading an investigation after several men were arrested on suspicion of explosives offenses near an air base used by US forces.
A number of properties were evacuated in the Whelford area in the county of Gloucestershire "following the declaration of a major incident," a police statement said.
"The Army's specialist explosive ordnance disposal team are currently examining a number of vehicles," the statement said
Whelford is close to the Royal Air Force base at Fairford which has been used by US B-1 bombers involved in targeting Iran and is a forward operating location for US Global Strike Command, which is tasked with managing long-distance strikes.
A US air force spokesperson at Fairford - where the 501st Combat Support Wing is based - told CNN: "For operational security reasons we will not discuss specific force protection measures."
The unit "remains vigilant and will take appropriate actions to ensure the safety and security of our US service members, civilians, contractors, and their families," the spokesperson said.
The threat level at RAF Fairford has been raised to Delta. The threat level at RAF Lakenheath, which is also used by the USAF, has been raised to Charlie.
Threat level Delta suggests that there was prior intelligence to the potential attack and there is a large police presence deployed around the base.
As yet there has been no statement attributing the disrupted attack to any specific nation or organisation.
https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqrm99mm9l84o
UK counter-terrorism police are leading an investigation in which several men were arrested on suspicion of explosives offences near an RAF station which hosts the United States Air Force (USAF).
An Army explosive ordnance disposal team has been examining vehicles near RAF Fairford in Gloucestershire and homes in the nearby village of Whelford have been evacuated while investigations continue, police said.
The men were detained early on Sunday and a Hazardous Area Response Team has been deployed inside a security cordon at the base but officers believe the incident is contained.
The base has been recently used to deploy USAF bombers since the country's conflict in Iran began in February.
In March, four USAF bombers landed at RAF Fairford and the US started using British bases for "specific defensive operations" against Iranian missile sites after then prime minister Sir Keir Starmer granted permission for "defensive" US action from UK bases.
A government spokesperson said Prime Minister Andy Burnham was receiving regular updates on the evolving situation.
A police statement has just been made (13:56 BST):
Three suspicious white vans were reported by a telephone call to be heading towards the Fairford area at 12:45 am
Police stopped the vehicles and have detained 5 men, who remain in custody. They are held under suspicion of committing offences related to the Explosives Act.
The vehicles are being investigated by a military Explosive Ordnance Disposal team.
The police have just announced that the 5 detained men have been further charged with preparation of a terrorist act. [Corrected at 1427BST--JR]
Post-eruption imaging of the Hunga caldera gives new details of its collapse:
Krakatau, a volcanic island in Indonesia, killed more than 30,000 people when it erupted in 1883. One might assume that volcanic debris posed the major threat, yet many of the victims died from a tsunami caused by the volcanic eruption instead.
Volcanoes at sea can pose hazards quite different from those on land, as their impact can vary depending on how the volcanic activity interacts with seawater. In the deep ocean, high water pressure can suppress explosive volcanic activity, making eruptions less destructive. But closer to the surface, the lower water pressure and the high temperatures of volcanic material can cause violent explosions. Yet scientists still do not fully understand the conditions under which volcanic activity can cause a tsunami.
To better understand these risks, an international team of researchers examined the 2022 Hunga eruption in Tonga, focusing on the rapid caldera collapse that may have amplified its powerful tsunami. Calderas form when the ground above a magma reservoir collapses as the magma drains away. Comparisons of seafloor topography before and after the eruption showed that a roughly 4-kilometer-wide caldera sank by about a kilometer during the eruption.
The researchers argue that the rapid collapse of the entire caldera may have enhanced the massive tsunami. Even a relatively small caldera like Hunga may be capable of producing a dangerous tsunami, depending on the speed and nature of its collapse. This suggests that other underwater volcanoes may also have the potential to generate dangerous tsunamis. Still, the paper warns: "The dynamics of submarine caldera-forming eruptions and, thus, the hazards they pose are not well understood, owing to the relative inaccessibility of the resulting calderas and eruption products."
The Hunga volcano's eruption on January 15, 2022, ranks among the most powerful volcanic events this century. The eruption column soared more than 55 km, pushing vaporized seawater up into the stratosphere, and the pressure wave from the explosion was detected across the globe. The accompanying tsunami is estimated to have reached heights of 40 meters within about 100 km from the source. It is the highest tsunami ever recorded from an underwater volcanic eruption.
For all its impact, Hunga's caldera is quite small. The caldera left after the eruption is about 4 kilometers in diameter, making it one of the smallest of the 177 known calderas in a global database. What sets Hunga apart is that its caldera is unusually deep relative to its size. Relative to its diameter, the subsidence depth was comparable to that of famous calderas like Newberry in the United States.
The researchers suspect that the speed of the caldera collapse may have been one of the factors behind the massive tsunami. In general, when a submarine caldera collapses, the sinking seafloor pulls the seawater above it along with it. If the seafloor hundreds of meters below the surface drops abruptly, as it did at Hunga, a large volume of water can be displaced in a short time, potentially creating a tsunami.
[...] The Hunga caldera is thought to have collapsed even as the volcano was erupting. The sedimentary structures preserved beneath the caldera floor support this idea. A ship-based seismic survey conducted about three months after the eruption found that landslide deposits from the collapsing caldera walls were present below, within, and above the pyroclastic layers left by the eruption. The alternation of the two types of sediments suggests that debris from the broken walls was sliding down while pyroclastic material was still accumulating. If the caldera had collapsed after the eruption, the landslide deposits should lie on top of the pyroclastic layers.
The study found that the caldera sank by nearly one kilometer. Before the eruption, its floor lay 150–200 meters below sea level. Afterward, the caldera reached depths of up to 850 meters. Up to 150 meters of eruption-derived sediment covered the caldera floor, meaning the collapsed surface itself lies about 1,000 meters below sea level. The collapse of the caldera floor alone accounts for about 6.85 cubic km of volume.
One notable aspect of the Hunga collapse is the style in which it fell. Rather than breaking into pieces, the caldera floor maintained its shape as a whole, largely without bending.
The researchers identified the event as a "piston-style collapse," so named because the floor drops the way a piston slides down a cylinder. The maps support this interpretation. The topography of Hunga shows distinct features along the eastern and southern walls of the caldera. A series of concentric terraces steps down toward the interior, separated by cliffs 100 to 150 meters high. These features are interpreted as evidence of faulting along the caldera rim as the floor subsided.
[...] The researchers caution that the risks extend beyond Hunga. Hunga belongs to the Tonga-Kermadec arc, which hosts at least 74 underwater volcanoes. Of these, 20 are caldera complexes. This means the region holds numerous underwater volcanoes under conditions that may be similar to Hunga's. Nearby, the island volcano Tofua and the submarine volcano Fonuafoʻou both resemble Hunga in overall form, structure, magma composition, and even caldera size.
Yet most underwater calderas have never been surveyed as closely as Hunga. Their inaccessibility means many lack maps entirely, and others have only low-resolution data.
Hunga was a rare exception. It gained attention after a new island formed during an eruption in 2014–2015. A detailed seafloor map was created at the time, in 2015 and 2016. The researchers added land-surface data created using commercial satellite imagery and calibrated with NASA's ICESat-2 laser altimetry to construct a 3D model of the whole of Hunga. This baseline made the before and after comparison possible. Without it, tracking the changes in the caldera would have been difficult.
The researchers called for detailed seafloor mapping to monitor underwater calderas. Such data would help track volcanic hazards and protect marine infrastructure.
The paper argues, "Our study underscores the urgent need for high-resolution repeat seafloor mapping," which would help in "strengthening tsunami early-warning systems and protecting critical seafloor infrastructure, particularly in poorly surveyed regions such as the southwest Pacific."
Nature Geoscience, 2026, DOI: 10.1038/s41561-026-02099-7
Crew-15 through Crew-17 shore up astronaut access to ISS while Starliner's future remains uncertain:
NASA has added almost $1 billion to SpaceX's commercial crew contract for three more Crew Dragon missions to the International Space Station (ISS).
The $946 million contract modification covers Crew-15, Crew-16, and Crew-17, along with ground operations, launch, in-orbit services, return and recovery, cargo transportation, and lifeboat capability while the spacecraft is docked to the ISS.
The addition brings the value of SpaceX's Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) contract to $5.92 billion.
Whether there will be more remains unclear. NASA explicitly said the award does not prevent it from buying additional transportation services if needed.
SpaceX has said it ultimately intends to retire Dragon and Falcon 9 in favor of Starship, assuming it can get the vastly larger vehicle operating reliably. NASA plans to retire the ISS around 2030 and use a SpaceX-developed vehicle to perform its controlled deorbit.
NASA lists mission readiness dates in 2027 and 2028, with the contract's period of performance running through 2030.
NASA awarded CCtCap contracts to SpaceX and Boeing in 2014. SpaceX has since flown numerous crews to the ISS. Boeing, not so much. The aviation giant's calamity capsule, Starliner, finally carried two astronauts to the outpost in 2024. They remained there until a SpaceX Crew Dragon brought them home after NASA decided that returning them aboard the Boeing vehicle posed too much risk. Starliner later returned safely to Earth without a crew.
If these missions prove to be Crew Dragon's last hurrah, NASA and its partners will face a challenge in maintaining crewed access to low Earth orbit and the commercial stations planned to succeed the ISS.
A report from NASA's Office of Inspector General identified multiple problems with the Starliner program and faulted both Boeing and the agency. SpaceX has had problems of its own, not least the explosion of a Crew Dragon capsule during ground testing in 2019. Starliner nevertheless earned its calamity capsule nickname through repeated uncrewed test failures and a 2024 Crew Flight Test that ended with the spacecraft returning without its astronauts.
Despite the billions spent on Starliner, there is no guarantee that it will ever enter regular crew rotation service. Crew Dragon, meanwhile, could be approaching the end of its run, with one of these newly ordered flights potentially carrying the final astronauts to or from the ISS.
Hackers from the group ShinyHunters claim to have stolen personal data of "all" FBI employees and applicants, according to a report published Tuesday by 404 Media.
The group, which was also behind a breach that disrupted software used by 9,000 schools during final exams in May, reportedly gained access to the FBI's recruitment site via an exploit in Oracle’s PeopleSoft product. ShinyHunters says it now has sensitive data on individuals who applied for FBI jobs as well as current employees, according to 404 Media. ShinyHunters couldn’t be reached for comment.
As of Wednesday afternoon, the apply.fbijobs.gov site shows a maintenance page reading, "We're sniffing out site updates for you!" The main FBI Jobs home page serves up a "503 Service Temporarily Unavailable" error page. The bureau's page highlighting eligibility for new applicants is live with a "System Unavailable" banner reading, "Apply.fbijobs.gov and the Special Agent Application Portal are currently unavailable."
"The FBI is aware of a cyber-criminal enterprise group claiming a compromise of the FBIJobs.gov portal and alleged impact to FBI employee personally identifiable information,” a spokesperson for the FBI told CNET via email. “While the point of breach is still undetermined — whether a third-party or the FBI's enterprise — we are actively and aggressively investigating this matter and working closely with those third-party providers that support FBIJobs.gov to mitigate any and all risk."
ShinyHunters has been linked to numerous ransomware attacks, including a breach of 4.4 million TransUnion credit records and access to servers belonging to Rockstar Games, the developer of the Grand Theft Auto series. The group usually demands extortion payments to prevent it from leaking the stolen information.
However, the attack on the FBI's data is different and has potentially much more serious implications.
The group reportedly wants the FBI to correct what it calls false allegations in a Public Service Announcement that the FBI issued about it. The report notes that ShinyHunter "actors commonly use harassment strategies, sending threatening text messages and phone calls to victims and their family members, and in some cases swatting."
In an email to The New York Times, a representative of ShinyHunters wrote, "We reiterate we are not extorting the FBI and this is not financially motivated... Our intention, goal and motive is to solely set the record straight."
But the nature of the stolen data elevates this breach beyond corporate extortion.
Joseph Cox, who broke the story at 404 Media, wrote via email, "This data presents significant national security and counterintelligence risks, and isn't in the hands of a foreign intelligence agency, but a group of likely younger, English-speaking hackers."
A security analyst who asked to remain anonymous to avoid retaliation from the hacking group reiterated that this is a serious national security issue. "Remember, the FBI is tasked with both counterespionage and counterterrorism," they said. "This could destroy [FBI employees’ ability] to go undercover, travel to other countries and more," including threats to individuals and families.
Asked about the group's claim that it has nothing to do with extortion, the analyst said, "Never trust anything they say. Ever."
They said that advice also comes directly from colleagues who advise companies on how to handle the extortions. Gaining access to such sensitive data could be monetarily valuable to a state-level intelligence agency.
The FBI has seen other notable cyberattacks this year, including "suspicious activities" on the system the bureau uses to manage wiretapping and surveillance and claims by an Iran-backed group said to breach the personal email of FBI Director Kash Patel.
California Governor Gavin Newsom on Monday signed seven state bills that require datacenter operators to report more info about their operations, and to involve communities as they plan future facilities.
The California Assembly Bills (AB) and Senate Bills (SB) signed by Newsom require greater disclosure of datacenter water and electricity use, address who pays for grid connections and other power infrastructure, and introduce rules covering electricity rates, water resources, and environmental review. They include:
California state senator Steve Padilla, who authored two of the bills, said the bills will ensure that datacenters pay for energy grid connection, for electricity generation costs, and for a larger share of wildfire mitigation and liability costs.
The governor's office cited the Trump administration's dismissal of Americans' concerns about AI and datacenters to emphasize Newsom's willingness to constrain an industry of major significance to California's economy.
"While the Trump administration moves toward deregulation, communities are left to deal with the consequences — higher electricity demand, grid constraints, water use, and pollution," said Newsom in a statement.
"Today we are once again laying the groundwork for a stronger approach, because we know that we don't have to sell out Californians or sacrifice our well-being to innovate and succeed. California has proven that time and time again."
Dr. Nathan Wangusi, who runs the independent water data transparency platform Data Center Water Leaks, sent a statement to The Register in which he observed that California's new disclosure requirements could improve transparency around how much water datacenters use, help communities understand the bit barns' impact on local water supplies, and protect ratepayers from infrastructure costs.
Much has been said about the need to regulate the safety of AI services, and the environmental impact of the datacenters that host them.
The White House has pushed to accelerate datacenter deployment with executive orders and President Trump has insisted regulation is not necessary.
Yet datacenters have proven unpopular with local communities, who often express concern about water consumption, the potential for increased noise, pollution, and energy prices, plus general unease about AI's effect on labor and society.
According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, 16 states are currently considering whether to ban datacenter construction.
An even larger number of statehouses are exploring some form of datacenter regulation. In its Q2 2026 report, Data Center Watch said, "Thirty statehouses introduced, and many adopted, legislation, resolutions, or executive actions addressing datacenter siting, electricity and water constraints, and infrastructure cost-sharing."
The watchdog group estimates that at least 45 projects worth roughly $68 billion were blocked or delayed in the second quarter of 2026.
Last year, Newsom vetoed a datacenter water bill, AB 93, reportedly in response to tech industry lobbying. In a statement [PDF] explaining his decision last October, he said, "...I am reluctant to impose rigid reporting requirements about operational details on this sector without understanding the full impact on businesses and the consumers of their technology."
Newsom's willingness to sign an almost identical bill suggests that popular discontent with datacenters has escaped the gravity of lobbying and that AI will be a flashpoint in the upcoming US midterm elections.
The seven bills Newsom signed into law are:
AB 1577 by Assemblymember Rebecca Bauer-Kahan (D-Orinda). Data centers: reporting.
AB 2383 by Assemblymember Rick Chavez Zbur (D-Hollywood). Electricity: data centers.
AB 2469 by Assemblymember Diane Papan (D-San Mateo). Data centers: water use disclosures.
AB 2619 by Assemblymember Diane Papan (D-San Mateo). Water resources: datacenter.
SB 886 by Senator Steve Padilla (D-San Diego) and Senator Jerry McNerney (D-Pleasanton). California Technology Innovation and Ratepayer Protection Act.
SB 887 by Senator Steve Padilla (D-San Diego). California Environmental Quality Act: environmental leadership development projects: data centers: geothermal power plant projects.
SB 1168 by Senator Jerry McNerney (D-Pleasanton). Data centers: Rate structures.
Some Samsung smart fridges stopped working on Tuesday due to a firmware update.
Korean outlets were the first to report the problems, which affect Samsung's Bespoke AI line of fridges. Star News Korea, per a Google-provided translation, said that most of the affected devices were four-door fridges from 2024 or later.
Affected fridges "suddenly lost power and stopped functioning immediately after" trying to issue a firmware update through SmartThings, Samsung's smart home platform, per Star News Korea. The SmartThings app then showed the devices as offline. Some users said that their fridge's internal display was stuck showing the message "Checking SmartThings app during update."
There are numerous reports on Samsung's Korean community forum detailing the problem. Some users claim that they have owned their affected fridge for just a year or less.
"[T]he refrigeration and refrigeration functions themselves did not work normally, so all the food in the refrigerator had to be disposed of," one user wrote, per a translation.